Consistent with this, considerable lineage-specific diversity is observed in prokaryotic β-GF domains involved in small molecule-binding like the cobalamin-binding SLBB domains and fasciclin domains and certain enzymes such as the molybdopterin-dependent oxidoreductases.
Another outcome of our analysis of the domain architecture and sequences of DGs from different metazoan phyla is the demonstration of considerable, lineage-specific divergence of DG proteins in invertebrates.
We found considerable U lineage expansions in tilapia and stickleback with 45 and 29 genes and gene fragments, while platyfish and tetraodon each showed medium expansions with 19 genes or gene fragments (Additional file 4: Text S1, Additional file 2: Table S1, Table 1).
In addition, a considerable proportion of lineage II isolates, but only few lineage I isolates, are virulence-attenuated due to nonsense and frameshift mutations in virulence genes resulting in truncated proteins [ 9, 46, 47].
Despite considerable research efforts, lineage- specific/niche-specific molecular features of the whole archaeal world are yet to be fully unveiled.
Our study indicates the existence of at least four ancestral lineages among Chilean rainbow trout, as well as considerable hybridization among lineages, particularly among free-ranging 'wild' trout.
Because there is a considerable amount of lineage-specific duplicate retention (meaning that one gene pair is retained and subfunctionalized in the zebrafish lineage, but not in medaka – and vice versa), the availability of more than one fish laboratory model will allow this situation to be fully exploited.
There are some issues with these the current differentiation protocols, including spontaneous differentiation, low yield, the presence of undefined and xenogenetic compounds, necessity of cell sorting for specific cell lineages, considerable enzymatic stress during repeated culture (Haque et al., 2011) and cellular heterogeneity in the culture (Nagaoka et al., 2008).
There is a considerable level of lineage-specific loss of alternative sites, and the losses are more frequent in the mouse genome compared to the dog genome.
We also discovered a well-developed immune system with a considerable number of lineage-specific antigen-presentation genes for adaptive immunity as well as expansion of the tripartite motif-containing C-type lectin and butyrophilin genes for innate immunity and expression of antibacterial peptides.
