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For example, the HRs for oral cancers and stomach cancer are between 1.4 and 1.8 which would indicate the potential for considerable confounding by smoking.
However, the latest report from the Nurses Health Studyy and the Health Professionals Follow-upp Study failed to link fiber intake to colorectal cancer, but revealed considerable confounding by other dietary and lifestyle factors (Michels et al 2005).
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There is considerable confounding between participant characteristics and the prescription of certain medications.
This approach lowers the considerable potential for confounding by sociodemographic factors, a limitation of previous studies that relied on between-women comparisons.
However, the use of a nonspecific surrogate measure for exposure may have introduced considerable measurement error or confounding by correlated exposures.
The authors note that the use of a nonspecific surrogate measure for exposure may have introduced considerable measurement error or confounding by correlated exposures.
These findings suggest that detection and ascertainment bias as well as confounding by indication had a considerable influence on the overall result, which may explain why previous meta-analyses have disagreed in their assessment of the benefit of antiviral therapy.
Despite our attempt to overcome confounding by using multivariable models including well-established confounders, unmeasured residual confounding may have occurred.
Evaluating possible confounding by prescriber in comparative effectiveness research.
Confounding by indication or other confounding exist in most observational studies.
However, confounding by indication remains a major problem.
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