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While any duration of hormone therapy can delay the risk of osteoporosis and fractures, once estrogen is stopped, considerable bone loss can occur rapidly.
However, restraining biomechanical issues such as considerable bone loss around the stem and peri-prosthetic bone fractures are present.
The patients also participated in a randomised study of 40 patients with the aim of evaluating the use of trabecular metal cones (Zimmer) for reconstruction of considerable bone loss of the proximal tibia in rTKA.
Clinical outcome after 1 year of follow-up was comparable with other studies on rTKA with considerable bone loss, where bone loss at the proximal tibia and/or femur was reconstructed with stemmed femoral implants and impaction bone grafting [12, 13] with or without metal augments [14].
Moreover, in a previous study we found that a long delay before surgery can be deleterious, especially for the ankylosis state: often considerable bone loss of articular structure (i.e., femoral head) and high risk of peri-operative fracture [20].
Since male TH mice exhibited a considerable bone loss as well as hyperleptinemia, we investigated whether or not the testosterone level changes in TH mice and if this hormone can restore the bone density.
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During removal of the stem, considerable periprosthetic bone loss was found at the distal part of the stem.
Aseptic loosening is the most common glenoid-sided complication requiring revision following RSA (Fevang et al. 2009), and is often associated with considerable scapular bone loss (e.g. inferior scapular notching, glenoid deficiency after implant removal), which further complicates surgical revision (Antuna et al. 2001, Boileau et al. 2005, Elhassan et al. 2008, Gerber et al. 2009).
However, strain shielding due to high stiffness of these metal-based implants causes considerable and progressive bone loss.
During the past decade, considerable evidence suggests that estrogen prevents bone loss by blocking the production of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α in bone marrow and bone cells [ 12, 13].
On the contrary, considerable attention has been focused on the correlations among glenoid bone loss, humeral head defects and instability, particularly in the recurrent forms if correlated with engaging Hill-Sachs lesions (Cautiero et al., 2017).
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