Low back pain is highly prevalent in the western world and accounts for considerable work absenteeism.
Transmission of influenza among medical staff causes absenteeism and considerable disruption of health care [ 7- 10].
The international literature shows considerable interest in student absenteeism: its effects and implications for the individual learner, for university lecturers, and for institutions [ 3].
A number of economic models have shown that school closure and prophylactic absenteeism have a considerable macroeconomic impact [ 25, 26] and (Keogh-Brown, M.R., Smith, R.D., Edmunds, W.J., Beutels, P. The macroeconomic impact of pandemic influenza: estimates from models of the UK, France, Belgium and The Netherlands, submitted).
The results of two Danish studies have shown that the number of work days missed in the population owing to TTH was three times higher than the number for migraine [3, 4]; and a US study has also found that absenteeism due to TTH is considerable [5].
This study population showed evidence of impaired work productivity on the WPAI-GERD scale, with increased absenteeism and presenteeism resulting in considerable indirect costs.
A limitation of the insurance claims data is that socioeconomic and quality of life measures, such as work absenteeism, which would be of considerable importance to an analysis of people with multiple comorbidities, are not obtainable.
Although HRV-induced upper respiratory illness is often mild and self-limiting, the socioeconomic impact caused by medical visits and school and work absenteeism by HRV infection is considerable and the degree of inappropriate antibiotic use is significant [ 2, 8, 9].
Considerable research has been devoted to industrial productivity, absenteeism, labour turnover, accidents, and job satisfaction.
