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Let us consider the formula (3) in more details.
We only consider the formula of, since the others are similar.
We may then consider the formula [R R], which expresses the assertion that R is in itself.
The formulas are syntactically different, and effort is needed to recognize that the later formula is a redundant version of the former.To take this to an extreme, consider the formula \(x : P \rightarrow x :( P \wedge P \wedge\) … \(\wedge P )\), where the consequent has as many conjuncts as there are elementary particles in the universe!
Consider the formula \ \phi\) in \ \L\): \[\phi(x):=\exists y (R_A x,y) \wedge R_B y,x))\] Then, the negation of \ \phi\) is: \(\neg\phi(x):=\forall y(R_A x,y)\rightarrow\neg R_B y,x))\): "all states \(x\) where any state \ y\) that Ann considers possible is such that Bob does not consider \(x\) possible at \ y\)." That is, this formulas says that "Ann believes that Bob's assumption is wrong".
For example, consider the formula S (a, b, c ) = (a + b ¯ ) ⋅ (a + b + c ).
Similar(52)
Let us forget about → and ¬ and the rules governing them, and consider the formulas constructed with the aid only of ∧ and ∨.
and why?" For the sample mean estimation, we consider the formulas (3), (10), and (14) under three different scenarios, respectively.
Similarly, for the sample standard deviation estimation, we consider the formulas (9), (13), and (15) under three different scenarios, respectively.
In that case, a New York court switched custody to a father on the grounds that while the mother was not at all unfit, the father now appeared more fit -- the "sole criterion" being the "best interests of the child when all applicable factors are considered". The formula sounded so reasonable that it spread rapidly around the country.
The fact that hybridizing ordinary modal logic actually does give more expressive power can for example be seen by considering the formula ↓c□¬c.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com