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The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade is a highly conserved series of three protein kinases implicated in diverse biological processes.
At the cellular level, ER stress triggers an evolutionarily conserved series of signal-transduction events that constitutes the unfolded protein response (UPR).
Adjacent to the transmembrane domain is a conserved series of amino acids forming a PADVI domain the function of which is unknown.
A conserved series of arginine (Arg) residues in the C-tail of both fly and mammalian Smo plays a critical role in modulation of conformation.
The mutation resides in a conserved series of amino acids that make up the catalytic core of the enzyme, and is analogous to the N345A mutation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sir2p, which is a catalytically inactive protein both in vivo and in vitro (Imai et al, 2000; Armstrong et al, 2002; Oppikofer et al, 2011).
Infection of mammals by helminth parasites typically results in a conserved series of immune events that are orchestrated and dominated by T helper cell type (Th2) events, characterized by the activation of eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells; high levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE); and the proliferation of T cells that secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 [ 84, 85].
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To determine the functional roles of these conserved residues, a series of conserved residues were targeted by site-directed mutagenesis.
The sphingolipid metabolism of Leishmania and many other pathogens is highly conserved and offers a series of attractive drug targets for further inhibitor design.
For example, nearly all of the gp38 adhesins that recognize the Tsx receptor have essentially the same set of four HVSs, perhaps because they recognize a series of conserved Tsx epitopes.
Several residues, e.g., E68, N142, T431, and N267, facilitate the substrate's initial displacement from the binding site, while along the remainder of the exit pathway, the translocation of the substrate is facilitated by the sequential formation and breakage of H-bonds between the substrate and a series of conserved, polar residues lining the pathway.
Most molecular comparisons have focussed on describing variation in Wolbachia infections across related species to characterize patterns of horizontal and vertical transmission of infections across time (e.g. Bing et al. 2014; Morrow et al. 2014), using sets of conserved primers for a series of genes such as the MLST set (Baldo et al. 2006).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com