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Examples are illustrated that insects use evolutionarily conserved resistance mechanisms common to all animals (e.g., some aspects of oxidative stress) as well as those that are particular to insects (e.g., the peritrophic membrane in the digestive system).
This result suggests that these regions could correspond to conserved resistance QTLs retrieved from several tuber-bearing Solanum species.
The conserved resistance to eIF4E and eIF4A inhibition of the insulin receptor transcripts should make them capable of out-competing other cellular transcripts with greater need for eIF4A or eIF4E.
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Mutations in the embB gene and those within its conserved EMB resistance determining region (ERDR) in particular have repeatedly been associated with resistance to EMB in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
From our extensive list of highly conserved DOX resistance genes identified in yeast, we utilized BLAST analysis to identify five DOX resistance targets that show high homology to proteins previously identified to be mutated in breast cancer (Table S4; [106]).
Genetic defects and/or polymorphisms in these conserved DOX resistance genes may mediate cardiotoxicity in patients undergoing DOX chemotherapy or serve as biomarkers for therapeutic response to DOX chemotherapy in human tumors.
Sequences containing a continuous open reading frame encoding the amino acid motifs conserved in resistance proteins were designated RGHs.
This situation was not observed in the mutS− populations, which conserved antibiotic resistance even when evolving in the presence of phage (Fig. 3B).
Notably, Ng isolates belonging to G1407, G2992, and G225 constantly possessed specific and conserved antibiotic resistance patterns (e.g., all G1407 had PBP1 with L421P, PBP2 pattern XXXIV, GyrA with S91F and D95G, ParC with S87R, PorB with G120K and A121N, and the A deletion in the mtrR promoter region).
In most bacterial species, mutations occur in the highly conserved quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of the genes that encode DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV.
Similarly, Colorado potato beetle larvae were shown to exploit the conserved non-host resistance response triggered by microbe-associated molecular patterns to counteract host defenses in tomato [ 86].
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