(4) CQI calculation: CQI of user u is conservatively calculated as follows: CQ I u = min j ∈ 1, …, 4 N b log det I + SINR u W PMI 1 u ( PMI 2 u ), W PMI 1 s ( j ), W k ( l ) = W 1 ( k ) W 2 ( l ).
In fact, the total cost of violence to the U.S. -- including lost productivity from violence -- was conservatively calculated to be over S460 billion.
Sterile cultures were conservatively calculated as 99.8% killing, which was the detection limit of the assay.
An induced DSB induces arrest for several generation times (Michelson et al, 2005), which can be conservatively calculated as a four-fold or 400% cell-cycle delay.
The number of unretrieved experiments averaging a null effect that would be required to reduce the effect size to a trivial level was conservatively calculated to be 87 (Mossbridge et al., 2012; see also, Mossbridge et al., 2014).
Score differences had been examined not only concerning significance (1% level) but concerning effect size d, conservatively calculated by (AM1-AM2) / ((SD1 + SD2)/2) [ 73] and were supposed to reach a high amount (>.80) to avoid over-interpretation and artificial establishing of developmental differences.
Score differences were evaluated not only for significance (1% level) but also for effect size d, conservatively calculated by (AM1-AM2) / ((SD1 + SD2)/2), and were assumed to reach at least a medium (>.50) but optimally a high (>.80) figure to avoid over-interpretation and artificial developmental differences.
Because the denominator of the F-statistic is not known exactly and the distributions of each of the involved factors are also unknown, the denominator degrees of freedom are conservatively calculated at 10 000 to reduce inflation of the type I error rate (Lande 1977).
While neither of these estimated differences is significantly different from zero using 95% two sided tests (with standard errors of the difference conservatively calculated), the probability that there is a zero or negative effect is small for both measures (life years: p = 0.09; QALE: p = 0.06).
