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For 111 TFs we extracted their known regulatory sites from TRANSFAC (Wingender et al., 2000) and ChIP chip data (Harbison et al., 2004; MacIsaac et al., 2006) (no conservation, binding P-value cutoff 0.001).
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The remaining data not translated from BIND includes sequence conservation information (BIND-cons), binding sites (BIND-binding-sites), binding actions (BIND-action) and binding states (BIND-state).
The probability of conserved targeting (PCT) analyses the preferential conservation of binding sites [ 16].
Genome sequence analyses of the Saccharomyces yeasts and related species have been used to establish the history of gene duplication [ 2- 6], conservation at binding sites [ 7, 8], and co-evolution of binding sites with regulators [ 9].
We limit our focus to the conservation of binding sites due to purifying selection [ 15- 18], though binding site turnover [ 15, 16] (the loss and reappearance of binding sites) and other processes also occur.
In the current study evaluation of conserved regulatory elements of TMPRSS2 promoter upstream sequences revealed conservation of binding sites for the NKX3.1 tumor suppressor.
Despite conservation in binding specificity, hmw1A or hmw2A alleles from different isolates are highly polymorphic in the receptor binding domains (30 ).
When we examined the conservation of binding sites within 5 kb of the TSS of PPARγ regulated vs. non-regulated genes, we found a significant enrichment of conserved heterosites with upregulated genes (65% upregulated vs. 42% down regulated, Figure S5).
Also in order to control false positive rate of prediction, we concentrated on the methods that use stringent seed-matching criteria and consider the evolutionary conservation of binding sites [34].
Within these GOOFEs we assumed conservation of binding motif.
Functional conservation of binding sites can be exploited in two different ways.
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