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Consequently, causality cannot be inferred.
Consequently, causality between symptoms of psychological distress and their correlations could not be firmly established.
Consequently, causality between symptoms of anxiety and depression and their correlates could not be firmly established.
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Therefore, causality cannot be established.
Our study therefore cannot ascertain causality, and consequently it is not possible to establish whether the correlation estimated constitutes a real risk factor and a biological plausibility to epidemiological observations.
First, our methodological approach using ICA allows to evaluate functional interactions between brain areas but it does not provide information regarding causality and, consequently, it is still unclear whether functional changes are cause or consequence of repetitive migraine attacks.
Finally, this is an observational study and consequently, no conclusions about causality will be drawn.
This may limit these studies' value in the search for cancer biomarkers because of the often advanced tumor stage, and consequently risk of reverse causality.
Second, although we found an interesting association between pulse pressure and the risk of new-onset diabetes, the CASE-J trial was not designed to prospectively evaluate this association, and we were consequently unable to elucidate causality, because we did not directly measure parameters of arterial stiffness or collect the data to clarify the underlying mechanism.
They therefore accept "possible causality".
Also, with the notable exceptions of Johnson et al. (2012) and Schaller and Zerpa (2015), this evidence is based on cross-sectional data and consequently tells us very little about causality.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com