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Also, drug-resistant clones do not confound the results because antimicrobial drug use and consequent resistance are low in the Netherlands compared with other European countries (40 ).
In fact, it is the absence of market incentives that drives the abandonment of antibiotic development, the overuse of cheap generics and the consequent resistance crisis we face today.
It might inhibit autoregulatory negative feedback loops in the MAPK pathway, with consequent resistance to cell death by ERK1 and ERK2 activation.
Therefore, in anorexia nervosa, inappropriately high leptin levels for %IBW may contribute to a blunted physiologic response to underweight and consequent resistance to dietary treatment.
We further show that the up-regulation of the survival genes and consequent resistance are dependent on the direct contact between the astrocytes and tumor cells through gap junctions and are therefore transient.
To this end, the present study has for the first time provided a molecular dissection of an SPHK1-activated signal transduction cascade that leads to down-regulation of Bim and consequent resistance to apoptosis.
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Accumulating evidence indicates that defects in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and low rates of skeletal muscle lipid oxidation are likely to contribute to skeletal muscle lipid accumulation and consequent insulin resistance [15] [17].
Excess nutrient ingestion stimulates insulin secretion, fat storage, and consequent insulin resistance.
The consequent insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia can increase the urine Mg output through the downregulation of TRPM6 and hyperfiltration [ 16].
The main cellular molecular mechanism of insulin desensitization, with consequent insulin resistance presents in MetS-patients, involves increased serine phosphorylation and decreased tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1.
Lipopolysaccharides from pathogens in the gut, such as H. pylori, have also been linked to the activation of Toll-like receptors, resulting in energy harvesting, fat accumulation and stimulation of the innate immune system, and consequent insulin resistance (9).
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