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A special type of empirical studies use the idea of systematically controlling the presence and absence of the assumed causal factors (causes) and observing the consequences (effects).
Predictions from these models also can be tested experimentally, but with a focus on genetic consequences (effects on heterozygosity, allelic diversity, inbreeding) and subsequent performance and adaptability of populations rather than on establishment success.
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A value-based evaluation also considers matters like unintended consequences, effect on rural life and environmental concerns.
What's important for all citizens to concern themselves with when looking at proposed legislation is whether or not the solutions crafted by lawmakers address real public needs while avoiding negative consequence effects.
The consequence effects of strenuous exercise on female menstrual dysfunction consist of amenorrhea, infertility and osteoporosis.
As a consequence, effects of clonal interference are mitigated (and thus, the adaptation speed is increased).
As a consequence, effects of the investigated therapeutic approaches could be analyzed only during the acute phase of the injury.
In particular, base-line mortality is higher and in part nutrient-insensitive in endothelial cells, and, as a consequence, effects of mTOR blockade on cell survival less dramatic.
Some of the major violations are the common ratio effect and the common consequence effect.
Since it arrived, opinions as to the severity of its consequences, its effects on different nations and the prescriptions to remedy them have varied wildly.
Citing Gotham's many mental illnesses, the lawyer wrote, "Jermaine is especially vulnerable to the negative consequences and effects of confinement, including the potential for self-harm and suicide.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com