Cell rounding is the consequence of the toxin-induced depolymerization of F-actin and therefore a specific parameter to monitor the cytotoxic mode of action of the actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins in the cytosol of cultured cells.
It has been suggested that the initial phase is a direct consequence of the binding of the toxins to nerve terminals.
As a consequence both the toxin and antitoxin from these systems are small proteins, typically comprised of a single domain [ 22].
Disinfecting drinking water with chloramines, a chlorine-ammonia mix that is used to treat roughly a third of the drinking water in the United States, may have the unintended consequence of producing toxins, a new study suggests.
Here, we provide evidence that the apparent loss of microcystin is likely the consequence of a specific and covalent binding of the toxin to various proteins.
The neuronal repetitive activity is attributed to an exclusive and specific perturbation of sodium conductance as a consequence of toxin binding to external loops of the insect voltage-dependent sodium channel and modification of its gating mechanism.
The key feature of Shiga toxin production by E. coli lysogens (STEC) is that Shiga toxin gene expression, and, hence, disease, is a direct consequence of the Stx prophage entering the lytic phase when infectious bacteriophage particles are released along with the toxin itself.
Rapid sequence evolution in toxin genes is largely a consequence of the evolutionary 'arms race' between pathogen and host [ 19].
As before, the immediate threat wasn't algae in the water, nor the bacteria that thrive in the algae bloom, but the toxin known as microcystin that shows up as a consequence of the bacteria.
This Th2 dominance may be a direct consequence of the mucosal immunization route [ 3], or the use of cholera toxin as the adjuvant [ 32, 33].
