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We can exclude that the low correlation between statics and basic ideas is a consequence of test construction, i.e. of curricular focus within the "basic ideas", because static problems are also explicitly addressed within the "basic ideas" dimension.
Test-treatment randomised controlled trials capturing the health outcomes arising from the actions taken as a consequence of test results can be complex, time-consuming, costly 5 and have a strong potential for bias, 6 so are rare.
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The difference in performance between groups was small (on average 1.3°) which may have been a consequence of testing relatively mild PD patients.
Sixth, the duration of RT + CNT was longer than that of RT, a necessary consequence of testing whether CNT provides added therapeutic value beyond relaxation.
We can consider both "test washback" and "test impact" to be "consequences of test use".
Fig. 1 A holistic model of test effects proposed by Pan Pann: Consequences of test use: Educational and societal effects of English certification exit requirements in Taiwan, Unpublished).
"Consequential validity" (Messick, 1989, 1996) has therefore been proposed to evaluate the intended and unintended social consequences of test use when evaluating the validity of a test.
Young South Korean adolescent learners' testing experiences and their motivation to learn English are discussed in relation to the social consequences of test use and ethical assessment practices.
Messick's validity argument serves as underlying theoretical framework of this study because it considers consequences of test use in his framework.
Whereas the consequences of test anxiety have been much researched, little work has investigated the relative importance of contextual antecedents of test anxiety.
In this study, the terms "consequences of test use," "impact," and "washback" are used interchangeably to denote test effects, though the focus of the study is on societal (rather than educational) effects of test use.
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