Surveillance systems to support advanced notification of anticipated smoke will benefit those at higher risk, particularly those with asthma and COPD, so that action can be taken to reduce exposure, or to ameliorate the clinical consequences of smoke exposure through the use of preventive medication [ 43].
This compared with 6.3 million people killed as a consequence of smoking or inhaling other people's smoke.
Indications are that reduced IL6 expression by DCs is a possible consequence of cigarette smoke exposure, a factor that subsequently impacts negatively on IL17A expression.
These factors, coupled with the reported protection of telomeres from repair activities, may contribute to their specific targeting and persistent damage as a consequence of cigarette smoke exposure and during the aging process.
The negative health consequences of smoking and second hand smoke exposure are well documented [ 1- 3].
Nevertheless, intervention and prevention efforts aimed at preadolescents may benefit from tailored messaging that dispels myths about the health consequences of smoking and exposure to smoke as well as strengthening refusal self-efficacy.
Despite the existing scientific evidence that creation of 100% smoke-free environments is an effective and inexpensive way of protecting residents from health and economic consequences of tobacco smoke exposure, Nigeria has still not introduced comprehensive smoke-free measures [ 21– 26].
Since most smokers are aware of this con of smoking, this could be a relevant topic for future research on third hand smoking (i.e., consequences of tobacco smoke that linger after the cigarette has already been extinguished).
Knowledge of specific diseases of active smoking defined by one who answered 'yes' to all four situations (smoking causes serious illness, stroke, heart attack, and lung cancer) Knowledge of health consequences of secondhand smoke defined by one answered 'yes' to question 'breathing other people's smoke cause serious illness in non-smokers'.
Just as awareness of the secondhand negative consequences of passive smoke inhalation has heightened the public health resolve to curb smoking, learning about the secondhand effects of alcohol misuse may heighten the resolve to study and implement effective interventions to reduce alcohol misuse.
