Recurrent CDI may be a consequence of resident spores or infection from local environmental contamination.
An increased number of autofluorescent (AF) spots is a consequence of resident microglia proliferation, which in turn establishes an inflammatory cytokine milieu via the upregulation of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα expression.
Therefore, the decrease in clade IC1's frequency may be the consequence of the resident population accumulating herd immunity to the genotype [ 13]; this may be particularly acute in Iceland, as the phylogeography of the lineage suggests that only Reykjavík and the Southern Peninsular region sustained the genotype long-term, potentially acting as a source for the rest of the country.
VICE News correspondent Simon Ostrovsky traveled to the roadblocks near Crimea and spoke with the organizers to find out why they had taken these controversial measures, which could potentially have humanitarian consequences for residents of Crimea, including the Crimean Tatars themselves.
The fear of ill consequences for residents or litigation from the family was reported as impacting on decision making by doctors [ 18, 22].
It has been postulated that perivascular distribution might result in the immune response seen in some patients receiving intraputaminal delivery of GDNF, as a consequence of interaction with resident perivascular immune cells [ 9].
For example, in IgA nephropathy, immune complex nephritis, and FSGS increased intra-renal levels of TGF-β and NO are the consequence of release by resident and/or infiltrating immunoeffector cells [ 3].
Future study should focus on the clinical consequences of having resident-teachers supervise procedures, types of teaching skills required for teaching and supervising procedures, and how to optimize educational interventions for our resident-teachers.
Despite the ease and frequency with which potential adverse consequences of long resident duty hours for patient safety have previously been articulated, separation of fatigue-related from continuity-related errors is inherently problematic, and this difficulty is compounded by the multidisciplinary and overlapping nature of health care teams.
