Shrubs have expanded not only in Janos, but throughout the Chihuahuan Desert grassland since the late 1800's, a consequence of livestock grazing and seed dispersal, the disruption of fire regimes, and drought conditions [42], [43], [44], [45].
Hence, the two main pathways of AHSV introduction examined in this study were: the legal importation of infectious equines (PW-host) and the arrival of infectious Culicoides as a consequence of livestock trade (PW-vector).
This body of evidence strongly suggests that the territorial consequences of livestock policies in Burkina Faso will be negative for pastoralists.
A further point in assessing the economic consequences of livestock depredation was addressed in Question 7. From 1 (most important) to 5 (least important), according to the sheep herders, the investment required for "Food" was first (1.46), followed by "Labour" (2.07), "Veterinary/Medicine" (2.85), and "Depredation/Other", which averaged just below "Taxes", at 4.21 and 4.33, respectively.
Several authors have examined the environmental consequences of livestock production on marginal land (e.g. Acs et al. 2010; Oglethorpe, 2005) with respect to understanding livestock farmer behaviour and decision making in response to market and policy signals.
If the drought continues for a few more weeks, soyabeans could suffer the same fate as maize and that would have huge consequences for livestock farmers, some of whom (in America) are already slaughtering their herds because they cannot afford to feed them.
Another curious effect of 2,4-D has important consequences for livestock and wildlife, and apparently for men as well.
These threats may be especially detrimental to wildlife as they increasingly concur and interact as a consequence of the elimination of livestock residues containing veterinary pharmaceuticals and resistant pathogens due to growing intensive livestock operations worldwide [6], [8], [9].
In addition to the multi-decade variability of rainfall, the increasing extreme climate events have negative consequences on the management of livestock production.
Despite research into microalgae as a next-generation energy source, the land-sparing consequences of alternative sources of livestock feed have been overlooked.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with debilitating and devastating consequences for livestock industries throughout the world.
