On two trees, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 or 9 foundresses were introduced using the consecutive introduction schedule, and 2, 3, 5, 7 or 9 foundresses were introduced following the staggered-introduction schedule.
These data are used for two purposes: to test for the effect of temporal overlap in foundress galling success and to compare with the summer wild-collection syconia (consecutive introduction only).
Similar replacements of functional centromeric satDNA with retrotransposons occurred in wheat, followed by consecutive introduction of new functional retrotransposons.
The arrangement of DTC84 core repeats is consistent with consecutive introduction of mutations during stepwise repeat duplication, while observed diversity in composition of variants can be accomplished by subsequent deletions, as explained earlier.
In the consecutive-introduction treatment, all foundresses were introduced within a 30-min time window.
Statistical analyses of the wild-collected and the experimental, consecutive-introduction syconia were conducted with the nlme 3.1 90 package in R 2.8.0 [72.8.0
Furthermore, a standard interference model, drawn from behavioral ecology [53], explains around three quarters of all variation in galling rates for consecutive-introduction syconia, despite the fact the dataset includes syconia from different seasons and with differing numbers of ovules.
When wasps are experimentally introduced over 33 hours such that the temporal overlap of ovipositing foundresses is reduced (the staggered-introduction treatment), galling rates are significantly higher than in the consecutive-introduction treatment (all foundresses introduced within 30 mins), which maximizes temporal overlap (Figure 5).
If we use the Solver function from Microsoft Excel 2002 to minimize the sum of squares difference by adjusting β and γ, Eqn. 1 explains 72.3% of all variation in galling for the 287 consecutive-introduction syconia (β = 0.04 and γ = −0.61).
In short, our experimental design includes a continuous treatment, foundress number, crossed with a categorical treatment, consecutive vs. staggered introduction schedules.
