He studied journalism at university, and as a conscientious objector did alternative service with Vista (Volunteers in Service to America) for two years.
The change also ends the community service program, an alternative for conscientious objectors, but it does not pardon those who refused to perform any national service.
Russia's lower house of Parliament passed legislation that would provide conscientious objectors with an alternative to the draft, but under conditions critics call onerous.
As we counsel young men concerning military service we must clarify for them our nation's role in Vietnam and challenge them with the alternative of conscientious objection.
They have worked on reconciliation, peace research and disarmament and in many countries have won the right for conscientious objectors to perform alternative service instead of taking part in war.
As a conscientious objector, he enlisted for alternative service during the Vietnam War and flew monks out of Tibet.
Some agree with President Kim Dae Jung, who cannot run again, and say that conscientious objectors should be allowed alternative forms of national service, while others warn of national peril.
More than 20,000 British men of military age refused conscription, and, usually because they also refused the alternative work offered conscientious objectors – which could be in a munitions factory – more than 6,000 went to prison for their beliefs.
Conscientious objectors were granted an alternative social or civilian conscription.
In the United States it is not unusual for laws to make accommodation for religious beliefs: military persons can wear turbans, conscientious objectors can perform some alternative to military service, Federal employees get a reasonable allowance for religious holidays, etc.
