Specifically, we investigated gene sets connected to known hallmarks of aging, including inflammation, insulin growth factor signaling, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, RNA processing, telomere maintenance, mitochondrial senescence, and oxidative stress (López-Otín et al., 2013).
However, there is a large variation in the number of genes and pathways connected to each of the hallmarks.
This hallmark has been connected with the deficiency of p21, an inhibitor of cell cycle progression, that is not detected in the tissues of the MRL/MpJ mouse even after γ-irradiation.
We computed network topological properties and ascertained that this newly constructed immune network is densely connected, possesses hubs, exhibits high modularity, and displays hallmarks of a "real" biological network.
Small-world organization is known to be a robust and consistent network architecture, and is a hallmark of the structurally and functionally connected human brain.
Such uncontrolled amplification of neuronal activity, especially in the highly recurrently connected hippocampal formation, could result in hypersynchronous firing, a hallmark of epilepsy.
Therefore higher MPV, connected with platelet activity, is often considered as a hallmark of impaired thrombopoiesis in diabetes mellitus [ 9, 22].
In contrast, the hallmarks "replicative immortality" and "reprogramming energy metabolism" are connected to 1 and 2 pathways, respectively, and only a handful of genes.
The major classes of viruses do not have a common origin in the traditional sense but neither are they unrelated, being connected through overlapping arrays of common genes, some of which are hallmarks of the Virus World.
1 Steatosis as a hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is connected to obesity, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes.
