At high percentages of modification, and assuming ideal or close to ideal conjugations (to avoid nonideal populations like the example in Figure 6), the amount of unmodified and low-average conjugates becomes minimal, allowing for benefits of effective concentration based multivalent behavior.
High spin speed provides the adequate outward centrifugal force to overcome the inter-particle interactions to avoid nanoparticle conjugation.
The antibody concentration used was chosen to avoid cube aggregation during conjugation since conjugated cubes were observed to aggregate at offered antibody concentrations of 25 μg/mL, but showed minimal aggregation at concentrations of greater than 125 μg/mL (section S2, Figure S3, Supporting Information).
To avoid any detrimental effects of fluorophore conjugation on the binding capacity of the VHH, we performed the conjugation using maleimide-modified fluorophores that bind directly to the C-terminal cysteine at the VHH.
To avoid self-induction of the conjugation process, donor cells produce the inhibitor iPD1, which competes with cPD1.
The convergent assembly of functionalized dendrons is an interesting strategy to avoid the heterogeneity associated with conjugation to preformed polymer scaffolds, analogous to bottom-up approaches.
To avoid these difficulties, an ideal site-directed conjugation technique would use residues natural to the protein that are revealed for modification only under defined conditions.
First, bacterial cells that want to avoid being used as recipients have to devise ad hoc mechanisms to inhibit conjugation.
In order to avoid streptavidin and biotin as linking agents, which are potentially immunogenic, a new conjugation method has been recently reported, where VEGFR2 targeted lipopeptide are directly incorporated into the MB shell [ 10].
For conjugation of CA72-4 mAb with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots with carboxyl group (Fig. 1a), all steps were protected from light to avoid fluorescent quenching of QDs.
