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After the offset of these faces, a probe appears replacing the threatening face (congruent presentation) or neutral face stimulus (incongruent presentation).
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Based on these findings, we suggest that emotional pictures evoke a more cognitive mode of emotion perception, whereas congruent presentations of emotional visual and musical stimuli rather automatically evoke strong emotional feelings and experiences.
It has repeatedly been shown that intersensory redundancy, the congruent bimodal presentation of stimuli over two sensory modalities, can enhance perception in both modalities (e.g. [1], [2]).
For this task there were four conditions: (1) congruent cue and stimulus presentation; (2) incongruent cue and stimulus presentation; (3) double cue and stimulus presentation; and (4) no cue and stimulus presentation.
This is in line with a neurophysiological study, which demonstrates a strong emotion enhancement effect by simultaneous presentation of congruent emotional pictures and music, regarding subjective ratings, peripheral and central physiological measures [11].
Typhoid vaccination (compared with placebo) enhanced neural activity within brainstem (FDR p <.017), thalamus (FDR p <.013), amygdale (FDR p <.009), cingulate (FDR p <.02), and bilateral mid (FDR p <.013 and p <.017, right and left, respectively) and anterior insula (FDR p <.028 and p <.025, right and left, respectively) during presentation of congruent and incongruent stimuli.
After the acquisition phase, all participants were tested with 20 presentations of congruent (S1A → S2A and S1B → S2B) and incongruent (S1A → S2B and S1B → S2A) stimulus sequences.
We used blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study neural and behavioural responses of 18 remitted PD patients and 18 healthy subjects to the emotional conflict paradigm that is based on the presentation of emotionally congruent and incongruent face/word pairs.
The role of visual inputs in spatial auditory adaptation has been clearly demonstrated using modified vision [26] and is also present in our study as the simultaneous presentation of a spatially congruent visual stimulus leads to the greater amount of improvement.
Participants were instructed prior to the start of each experimental block which sensory modality they should evaluate; each block consisted of either a control or a test condition in the A, V, congruent AV or incongruent AV presentations.
Movement latencies were shortened in congruent situations (e.g. the presentation of a happy face and combined with upward movements) and delayed in non-congruent situations.
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