In the literature, heritability estimates reported for congenital defects range from 0.03 to 0.27 [ 1- 3, 9, 16] depending on the population sampled and the statistical model (usually obtained with a sire-model [ 1- 3, 9] except for [ 16]).
Filling the entire December issue of the journal Development, Nüsslein-Volhard's and Driever's groups describe new mutant strains with congenital flaws ranging from brainlessness to taillessness and from hyperactivity to slothfulness (Science, 6 December, p. 1608).
Aniridia has an estimated prevalence between 1 : 40,000 and 1 : 100,000 [ 15] and the incidence of glaucoma in congenital forms ranges from 6%to75%5% [ 16– 16].
Likewise, after vertical transmission of the parasite during acute infection of pregnant women to their offspring, uncontrolled parasite replication can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis ranging from stillbirth to severe symptoms at birth or sequelae including retinochorioiditis or mental retardation.
Caudal regression syndrome represents a spectrum congenital malformations ranging from agenesis of the lumbosacral spine to the most severe cases of sirenomelia with lower extremity fusion and major vessel anomalies.
Caudal regression is a rare syndrome which has a spectrum of congenital malformations ranging from simple anal atresia to absence of sacral, lumbar and possibly lower thoracic vertebrae, to the most severe form which is known as sirenomelia.
The annual birth prevalence of severe congenital heart defects ranged from 1.08 to 1.81 cases per 1000 births (interquartile range 1.41-1.74).
For sure, various dural weakness, either congenital or contrived, ranging from simple dural tears to multi-level complex meningeal diverticula, allows CSF to leak into the epidural [17, 18].
Auricular defects and deformities include not only acquired defects attributable to trauma, burns, tumours, piercing defects, scars, and inflammation/allergies, but also congenital auricular malformations ranging from Grade I malformation (e.g., prominent ears) to Grade III malformations including severe microtia changes.
The term micropenis encompasses a range of congenital and acquired conditions that result in an abnormally short penis.
