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Steps 1 through to 6 provide the watermark generation process in WMG module and they provide fragile watermark through confusion, diffusion, and hashing cryptographic techniques.
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Most of them employ the confusion-diffusion architecture and operate at the pixel level.
A number of chaos-based image encryption algorithms have been proposed in recent years, and most of them employ confusion-diffusion architecture.
Normal diffusion as used in space and anomalous diffusion as utilized in time may make confusion.
As the confusion and diffusion effects are solely contributed by the substitution and the diffusion stages, respectively, the required overall rounds of operations in achieving a certain level of security is found more than necessary.
In this algorithm, the confusion and diffusion processes are combined for one stage.
The proposed cryptosystem adopts three stages for confusion and diffusion which are well integrated into the compression chain.
These highlight a desirable security level provided by the insurance of the coveted confusion and diffusion factors.
IC-BSIF uses the well-known substitution-permutation network and strictly follows the concepts of confusion and diffusion.
The role of random amplitude mask and random phase mask in optical encryption system is identified from the perspective of confusion and diffusion.
The design of the proposed algorithm is simple and efficient, and based on three phases which provide the necessary properties for a secure image encryption algorithm including the confusion and diffusion properties.
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