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But have we confused cause and effect?
Prospective studies of lifetimes have often shown that some theories of alcoholism were incorrect because they confused cause with association.
Put simply, the counter argument is that Reinhart and Rogoff have confused cause and effect: countries have high debt levels because they have slow growth rather than having slow growth because they are heavily indebted.
In any case, according to Haydee Morales, a Planned Parenthood official quoted in the New York Times, the City administration has confused cause and effect.
There is now evidence to suggest that psychoanalytic theory, in part, confused cause and effect.
Similar(55)
While the researchers could not pinpoint exactly how the sound energy injured the whales' ears or tissues, the acoustic assault appears to have left some dazed and confused, causing them to swim ashore or become vulnerable to shark attack.
As a result they may have confused causes and effects (open access may be the result of more citable papers being made freely available) or have been unable to control for the effect of multiple unmeasured variables.
This surely confuses cause and effect.
The argument confuses cause and effect.
Once again, it likely confuses cause and effect.
Perhaps, but this may well confuse cause and effect.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com