A major factor confounding the overfishing hypothesis is the loss of reef fish, including the predators of damselfishes and the damselfish themselves, caused by mass coral mortality and the consequent loss of reef structure [48] [50].
However, the finding that the renal inflammation/nephritis pathway was also represented in the young age gene list (17 miRNAs, high expression at 2 weeks with decreasing expression at subsequent ages) seems to be confounding with the hypothesis of old age activity in this pathway.
2. Specific working conditions such as physical strain at work, time pressure at work, workload and job autonomy are recognised or at least supposed correlates of both WLC and MSD and may therefore confound the relationship (confounding hypothesis).
Unfortunately, the presence of a haplotype that is not associated with AMD that carries a premature termination codon in LOC387715 confounds that hypothesis as well [ 17].
In our small cluster, the onset and severity of symptoms seemed to be correlated with VV vaccination status; however, although patients reported similar contact with pet rats, patient age and manner of infection might confound this hypothesis (15 ).
A number of factors could potentially confound this hypothesis, including 1) Time-length since graduating from medical school and 2) Training in internal medicine (or other specialty) prior to current residency.
Brain imaging studies that do not have this confound support the hypothesis that hypnotic inductions produce changes in brain activity, but also indicate that these changes are not required for the experience of hypnotic suggestions or their neural correlates.
Covariates were included in models 1 4 because of a priori hypotheses that they could confound the relationship between our primary variables of interest and ln-radon concentration or based on the quasi-likelihood information criterion (Hardin and Hilbe 2013).
We selected covariates based on a priori hypotheses of the characteristics likely to confound the association of interest.
The paucity of sufficiently large and representative samples of both the young-old and old-old and the failure to control for critical variables known to confound the association between advanced age and depression have prevented testing this hypothesis.
We therefore used UK electronic health records and the self-controlled case series method to eliminate between-person confounding and test the hypothesis that children and adults who develop chickenpox are at increased risk of AIS in the subsequent 12 months.
