The confounding, represented by the mixing proportion, accounts for an additional 17-21% of the observed racial disparity for males and females, respectively (Table 4).
The mortality benefit may be a result of selection bias and residual confounding, or represent a true finding; a hypothesis that warrants clarification by randomized clinical trials.
The mortality benefit may be a result of selection bias and residual confounding, or represent a true finding; a hypothesis that needs to be tested using randomized clinical trials.
The predictor variable and potential confounding variables representing known risk factors for depression were included in the initial models.
The predictor variable dose of the intervention (low, moderate, high), and potential confounding variables representing known risk factors for depression, will be included in the initial models.
The MMC procedure represents confounding as a random effect in a statistical model for coexpression.
Increased use of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors was higher among racial/ethnic groups with higher prevalence rates of proteinuric DKD (Table 2), which likely represents confounding by indication (1).
32 Although they reported a univariate association between prior anti-TNF use and hospitalisation for RA-ILD, the authors acknowledge this probably represents confounding by indication, concluding that they were unable to make any inference about causality.
It is unclear whether this represents confounding (i.e., that depression and diabetes may serve as a risk indicator for MI patients with a poor clinical profile) or whether this is already a consequence of the diabetes-depression interaction.
It represents a confounding and out-of-touch approach to disruption; if you missed the headline, it's "Two Ex-Googlers Want To Make Bodegas And Mom-And-Pop Corner Stores Obsolete".
