The introduction of new technology can change the industrial system sufficiently to confound price projections and confuse decision making.
But given the potential of automation to confound economists' employment projections, those gathering at Davos would be remiss to not consider a basic income as a credible policy response to contemporary anxieties about our role in the modern workplace.
Although this is also a form of projection bias, we focus only on the simpler definition as in the second case, consumers projections are confounded both by the time delay and by uncertainty about the circumstances that would prevail in a time not similar to the present.
Under this loss function, the RR estimator of β is given by (3) β ^ RR = X ⊤ M Z X + λ I − 1 X ⊤ M Z y, where M Z = I − Z(Z ⊤ Z −1 Z ⊤ is the projection matrix, removing the effects of the confounding variables.
The impact was confounding.
It really is confounding".
The turnover is confounding.
Mornings were especially confounding.
