This might contribute to confounding by indication, meaning that those with the worst prognosis are scheduled for radiation as fast as possible.
As mentioned above, these associations could all represent confounding by indication, meaning that the more severely ill require higher doses of diuretics, particularly when urine output does not respond, and hence could be at higher risk for adverse outcomes independent of the utilization of loop diuretics.
The process, he said, "upsets the social order by confounding the meaning of parenthood and confusing the identity and kinship relations of any cloned child".
A problem with undertaking research in "natural" freshwaters is that there will probably be myriad other compounds in addition to the one of interest, meaning a high potential for confounding effects.
I found myself reaching instead for the opposite end of the spectrum of meaning –for the extraordinary, the inexplicable, the confounding.
He confounds everybody because of that, and people ascribe him meaning.
The variable mastery confounded the relationship between psychological distress and ED visits, meaning that the parameter estimate of psychological distress changed by more than 20% when mastery was included in the model compared to when mastery was not.
We fitted each base model with a dentist-only or a nondentist-only sample; sex was not significant in the dentist-only sample, meaning the significance of sex was due to confounding with occupation.
The data were recorded prospectively, so all information on prescriptions for antidepressants and potential confounding variables was recorded before the occurrence of an adverse outcome, meaning that recall bias will not have occurred.
The data on patients in the cohort were recorded prospectively, so all information on prescriptions for antidepressants and potential confounding variables was recorded before the occurrence of an adverse outcome, meaning that results will not be susceptible to recall bias.
