These items were congruent not only in terms of size, but potentially confounded in terms of associations between the nonword and the definition through mediators (e.g., turbo mediates between car and turob).
Bertagnolli et al. [ 37] was considered poor quality because the treated and untreated groups were decided by stage and therefore the difference in outcomes is likely highly confounded in terms of prognosis.
We show a sufficient condition to estimate effect measures in observational studies by adjusting for confounding bias in terms of response types.
In addition, DMARD therapy has been shown to represent a confounding factor in terms of the pattern and number of swollen joints in established PsA; patients with polyarticular joint involvement may therefore be under-represented in our patient cohort [ 7].
The association with syphilis may suggest a residual confounding factor in terms of underlying sexual behaviors and/or HSV-2 infection as a cofactor in syphilis transmission (that is, an inverse association).
An exercise in 21st-century narcissism taken to knowingly absurd extremes, Refn's latest is sure to confound and appal – but in terms of styling and tone, it's a triumph.
Controls are often "unselected" for the disease of interest and are not matched to cases in terms of confounding factors, making the studies more vulnerable to confounding as a result of population stratification.
This difference could not be explained in terms of confounding variables, nor was it attributable to a lower frequency of cervical smearing among diaphragm users within the clinics.
Only one study [ 24] provided adequate description of the four groups (diabetes depressed, diabetes non-depressed, non-diabetes depressed, non-diabetes non-depressed) in terms of confounding variables such as age, sex, number and type of complications.
Randomisation to groups should ensure that the groups are matched in terms of potentially confounding demographic covariates; but this process can be undermined by participant attrition.
