The disease confounded explanation because the mashed brains of the victims, injected into chimpanzees' brains, produced no symptoms.
We designed the behavioral paradigm to reduce or eliminate potential confounding explanations for these effects, such as capture by apparent motion and repulsive aftereffects, where static S1 facial expressions bias expression perception of S2 faces away from the S1 expression (Webster et al. 2004).
The reason is simple: Suicide is an intimate, often impulsive decision that has defied scientific understanding, just as it has confounded easy explanation throughout history, or in literature.
Gaël Clichy, meanwhile, continues to confound all explanation, by being right-footed but always playing on the left, and then looking like a fish out of water when asked to play at right-back for Manchester City against Fulham.
As the selective forces that drive the evolution of polyandry may differ across the social insects [ 5], our aim in this work is to examine these predictions in a clade possessing a wide range of paternities, with species that differ little in social complexity and other traits that might confound the explanation of multiple paternity.
Increased risks of ischaemic cardiovascular events in randomised trials also argue against confounding as an explanation.
Conceptual issues: 1) The authors state in the Introduction that the "release of cage mates … provides evidence for empathically motivated helping…" In subsequent prose, the results presented in the present paper are described in terms of "empathy" and "helping", confounding description with explanation.
[Editors' note: the author responses to the first round of peer review follow.] Conceptual issues: 1) The authors state in the Introduction that the "release of cage mates … provides evidence for empathically motivated helping…" In subsequent prose, the results presented in the present paper are described in terms of "empathy" and "helping", confounding description with explanation.
However, new discoveries confound simple explanations for the diversity and history of these environments: a new (undescribed) species from EPR contradicts the hypothesis of a single lineage for sea anemones from chemosynthetic environments.
Assuming these associations are not due to chance, reverse causation, or unmeasured confounding, one explanation for these counterintuitive findings among low-income groups may be that supermarkets and produce vendors have different meanings and implications for populations with very constrained resources.
