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Although randomized clinical trials are less susceptible to confounding compared with observational studies, the negative results from this trial should be interpreted with caution due to these limitations.
In our example, choosing not to adjust for comorbidity would yield a RR inflated 14% by uncontrolled confounding, compared with the RR adjusted for the full index.
Using a single consumption rate for all fish may reduce the effects of imprecision and potential confounding compared to the analysis using individual fish types.
d) The sample size for computerized neurobehavioral function testing was relatively small due to time and other limitations during the fieldwork, which might leave more residual confounding compared with the manual testing in our study.
In large datasets where outcomes are not rare, full multivariate models are superior to parsimonious models, because they provide better control for residual confounding compared to more restricted models.
The higher number of events in the multiple imputation analysis, however, leads to a higher stability of results and better control of confounding compared with the complete cases only analysis.
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In addition, if survival for bladder cancer patients is related to As exposure, then mortality studies could be at greater risk of being confounded compared to incidence studies [ 104].
The addition of a variable(s) to Model 2 will almost always alter the amount of residual confounding present compared to Model 1, independent of its effect producing confounding amplification (i.e., true instrumental variables are rare).
However, unlike other similar studies [8, 24], our control subjects were at-risk patients who share more features with ARDS cases, which may have reduced confounding variables compared to the use of healthy controls.
Given the strong genetic similarities between siblings, there could be a higher risk of confounding when compared with research on other types of bereavement.
Adjusted for potential confounding factors, compared to the healthy/underweight group, children who were overweight/obese reported lower CHU9D utility values, but this effect was not statistically significant.
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