Nevertheless, we hypothesise that the increased abruption risk in relation to change in paternity may simply be a manifestation of strong confounding attributed to interval between births.
The most likely reason for lack of our ability to replicate their findings is confounding clinical attributes, given that the majority of our cohort already have CAD and are receiving diverse pharmacological treatments, as a result of which the control healthy adult sample is relatively small.
The second model (i.e., factors related to indirect transmission and controlled for the potential confounding effect attributed to the number of different types of direct contact) showed that sleeping in the same hut (adjusted PPR = 2.34, 95% CI 1.13 to 4.84) and sleeping on the same mat (adjusted PPR = 2.93, 95% CI 1.16 to 7.38) were independent risk factors.
Since we were interested into BOLD modulations related to high-level processing of different SF ranges, we avoided this potential confound by attributing the same global luminance and RMS contrast to LSF, MSF, and HSF images (intact or scrambled).
The rigour of surveys can be improved by avoiding confounding of patch attributes by other factors, increasing awareness of statistical power, and more considered survey designs for attributes such as edge effects.
The observational studies that reported statistically significant results lack the design strength to eliminate confounding and definitively attribute causation.
Although this may not represent finer differential across specific conditions, little effect of residual confounding has been attributed to aggregation of comorbidity in studies of influenza vaccination.
Unidimensionality describes the idea that items should contribute to the measurement of only one attribute at a time and should not be confounded by other attributes or dimensions [ 73].
Finally, the effect of LXRα on cardiac hypertrophy is heart-specific and independent of confounding systemic effects attributed to either T09 activation, which are lipogenic [ 102], anti-inflammatory [ 142], and blood pressure-lowering [ 75] effects, or residual effects from whole-body LXRα deletion [ 73].
Thus, the association between volume and costs could be confounded by other attributes that differ systematically across hospitals, such as the specific technologies used to perform PCI and CABG, the costs of health care workers in the local labor market, or differences in patient casemix that generally are not reported in administrative databases.
