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These findings indicate that influenza A virus resistance to NA inhibitors can potentially arise from antibody driven HA escape, confounding analysis of influenza NA evolution in nature.
Moreover, the mechanisms can be molecule-dependent and even have opposing effects in some cases, thereby confounding analysis (Kirkpatrick et al. 2001; Russell 1991).
In addition, the length of the scar was included in the exclusion criteria because parts of longer scars might be affected differently by facial muscle function, confounding analysis of scar improvement.
Protein levels of p21 were not assessed in combinations with high-dose AMG 900, as during the course of the treatment, cells treated with this combination constituted mainly apoptotic cells confounding analysis.
However, the fractionating process is time consuming, and the resulting oligosaccharide fractions are still complex mixtures, often confounding analysis using NMR and MS. Another approach is to use specific GHs to digest the plant polysaccharide of interest to produce oligosaccharides which retain enough structural linkage information to determine the polysaccharide fine structure.
The meta-regression analysis investigated the association between study-specific ORs and the quality scoring domains that is, selection, measurement, confounding, analysis and overall study quality, to test whether any of the quality assessment sections were associated with the ORs from the individual studies (table 3).
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Many native proteins are multi-specific and interact with numerous partners, which can confound analysis of their functions.
Some important extracellular antigens lose antigenicity after fixation/permeabilization [5], and contamination of the LIN− compartment with LIN+ cells rendered artifactually "LIN−" by fixation/permeabilization could seriously confound analysis.
These results showed that the use of PPE confounded analysis of the association between noise exposure and hypertension.
These data also indicate that background absorbance values from the pigment do not confound analysis of cell death or cytokines.
Furthermore, the subjective nature of assessment of staining intensity and the frequent lack of positive or negative tissue controls in immunohistochemical analyses can confound analysis.
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