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When confounders were controlled, this effect was attenuated and rendered non-significant in two studies.
Adjusted relative risk (RR) and 95% CI for FD among diabetic compared with nondiabetic patients were derived through multivariable logistic regression models after potential confounders were controlled.
The data were further analyzed as non-stratified to see the effect without the confounder, for example, the sex of subjects in the study and later the stratified analysis where the confounders were controlled.
It is also plausible that more confounders were controlled in our analyses.
Confounders were controlled by conditional logistic regression.
A variety of confounders were controlled for.
Similar(20)
These findings remained when a range of other confounders was controlled for in the analyses, including type of child care.
The general trend of reciprocal relationship of headache and educational levels was found to be evident but this is not significant statistically when confounders are controlled.
The model makes within-subject comparisons possible and time-independent confounders are controlled for by design.
Key in the assessment of the comparability of study groups is the extent to which potential confounders are controlled for.
By making within-person comparisons, all measured and unmeasured time-invariant confounders are controlled for in the design.
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