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Controlling for confounders was adjusted by excluding children with non-nutritive sucking habits.
The effect of confounders was adjusted using an ANCOVA to compare the significance of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity among serum 25OHD subgroups.
ORs for the prevalence of MS were calculated using the lowest quartile subgroup as the standard, and the effect of confounders was adjusted for by using logistic regression to investigate the degree of MS risk based on heavy metal concentration.
Father's education was significantly related to children's OHRQoL among cerebral palsy children in Brazil but it did not maintain its significance after statistical adjustment [ 21], while another study observed the father's years of schooling to be significantly related to children's perceptions of QoL after the effect of other confounders was adjusted in statistical analysis [ 25].
To investigate the degree of diabetes risk based on the serum 25OHD concentrations, odds ratios for the prevalence of diabetes were calculated using the ≥ 75 nmol/l 25OHD subgroup as the standard, and the effect of confounders was adjusted using logistic regression analysis.
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22 27 63 Many but not all of the studies adjusted for potential confounding factors, although not all potential confounders were adjusted for in every study.
In the adjusted model, the following significant confounders were adjusted for: maternal age, maternal educational status, family income, past history of AIP, year of delivery, and inter-pregnancy time.
Confounding bias was suspected mainly because not all relevant confounders were adjusted for or the choice of confounders was not justified.
Confounding bias was suspected in all studies, mainly because not all relevant confounders were adjusted for or the choice of confounders was not justified.
Potential confounders were adjusted for.
In addition, these confounders were adjusted for in the analyses.
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