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Those confounders that changed the association of interest by 10% or more were retained as confounders in the final model.
Gender and age were included as possible confounders in the final model to calculate age- and sex-adjusted results.
We included potential confounders in the final model if they independently changed the β coefficient for bariatric surgery by at least 10%.
None of tested potential confounders changed the estimated mean hormone concentration more than 10% in any of the exposure groups and were therefore not included as confounders in the final model.
These potential confounders were listed a priori and were evaluated according to the change-inestimate method (Greenland 1989), which includes confounders in the final model only if they change the effect estimate by > 10% and excludes them again if exclusion change the effect estimate by < 5%.
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Furthermore, limonene, a marker compound of the chemical-based cleaning agent, was neither an independent risk factor, nor a confounder in the final model.
Therefore, only BMI was included as a potential confounder in the final model.
Since education was not a confounder in the final model, we did not exclude these participants.
Variables included in the multivariable model were then removed one at a time; if removal changed the coefficient of any independent variable by ≥10%%, the removed variable was included as a confounder in the final model.
Variables were incorporated as confounders in the final models if inclusion resulted in ≥ 10% change in the estimate of effect between the air pollutant and NTD phenotype.
However, the confounders in the final models could also be important mediating/causal factors in the association between the mortality rates and the MGI.
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