To weed out subjects who confound results by using other drugs, Dr. Ricaurte said, his staff quizzed volunteers and did blood and urine tests.
This could lead to unrecognized physiological instability that could confound results.
This was done to account for the stress of handling and avoiding confound results.
However, many of the current methods present substantial drawbacks which can limit their application and confound results.
Coexistent medical conditions, which are more prevalent in elderly individuals, can confound results of outcome studies in this population.
To confound results, absent variables would have to vary within cities over time, cause differences in helmet use, and correlate with race/ethnicity.
Application of surrogate tissues/cells/body fluids comprises inherent jeopardy (i.e. differential cellular composition of blood or serum) that may confound results [1],[1]].
However, smokeless tobacco includes many other ingredients that might confound results and the use of participants that are habitual users is confounded by withdrawal or tolerance effects, whether acute or chronic.
This chapter provides an overview on how DDA and MW characteristics of chitosan influence physical and biological properties, and how contaminants such as residual ash (e.g., mineral from shellfish shells) and protein may affect properties and confound results.
Recent research into the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning supports these recommendations, but also raises worries about mechanisms that may confound results, such as a selection effect due to dominant clones outcompeting weaker ones.
This heterogeneity may confound results.
