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We observe that such delay is formed when non-conflicting operations are encompassed by conflicting operations and formulate this observation as harmful ordering of conflict statements.
We observe that although conflicting operations may be represented in different SQLs, they must create the same physical operator referring to the same attributes.
That, of course, may be the point: that one person should not try to control the disparate and at times conflicting operations at the exchange.
Condition 1 holds because update(Alphabet) and update(Twitter) of (T_1) and (T_2) are two conflicting operations.
Because delay is mainly caused by conflicting operations, much work focuses on extracting more fine-grained contention information from transaction semantics to benefit transaction pipeline [13, 36, 41, 42].
In the QB protocol, Q o p i ∩ Q o p j ≠ϕ for every pair of quorums Q o p i and Q o p j of conflicting operations o p i and o p j.
Similar(47)
In the second case, the transactions delay at the first conflicting operation.
I-confluence [3] determines whether a conflicting operation will preserve application invariants based on application dependent correctness criterion.
As Fig. 1a illustrates, this is equivalent to delaying the execution of any operation in (T_2) till the completion of its corresponding conflicting operation in (T_1).
The first kind of delays comes from the first conflicting operation, such as the update(Alphabet) of transaction (T_2) in Fig. 1.
The first conflicting operation, e.g., update on Alphabet, determines the serializable order of the two transactions, i.e., (T_1) happens before (T_2).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com