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For reaction time this ratio is the difference between performance on a conflict trial and a non-conflict trial divided by performance on the non-conflict trial.
When the previous trial imposed conflict, the cognitive control system is engaged, resulting in better performance on the subsequent conflict trial.
A conflict trial consisted of a capitalised colour word, red, yellow, blue, and green or the L1 translation equivalent for each participant in an incongruent colour on a black background.
In contrast, uncertainty remained with respect to conflict: For instance, after 400 ms during the long WS in the late-conflict condition, the upcoming trial was only an incongruent conflict trial in 80%% of the time.
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Conflict trials resulted more complex and time-consuming than no conflicts, requiring more frequent fixations and saccades.
Compared to control subjects, MA abusers exhibited reduced RT adjustments and reduced activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) after conflict trials.
A variant of the Stroop task was employed to measure influence of response conflict on RT, including the level of trial-to-trial RT adjustments seen after conflict trials.
Thus, the first stage analysis consisted of the following voxelwise contrast: high conflict trials (AY + BX collapsed, averaged across timepoints 4 7) > low conflict trials (AX + BY collapsed, averaged across timepoints 4 7).
We also repeated the above analysis but made sure to exclude confidence ratings for correctly solved conflict trials.
As in Experiment 1, this effect was equally clear when the analysis was restricted to incorrectly solved conflict trials, F 1, 106) = 13.72, p<.0005, η2p = .12.12
However, this interaction was due to increased activity in both the high and low conflict trials of the Emotion condition (i.e., with a reduced conflict-related increase), compared to the Neutral condition.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com