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Our findings indicate additional layers of complexity of conflict expression within the fungus-growing ant microbe symbiosis.
Here we explore complexity of conflict expression within the ancient and coevolved mutualistic association between attine ants, their fungal cultivar, and actinomycetous bacteria (Pseudonocardia).
Furthermore, populations of mutualists are composed of different symbiont genotypes, and conflict expression and regulation is likely to be influenced by host-mutualist genotype combinations as well as the avoidance of mixing of multiple genotypes within individual combinations [4] [5], [31] [32].
The mixing of more distantly related actinomycete strains, often associated with different species or genera of ants, could thus incur stronger conflict expression when mixes occur between strains across the broad attine ant groups than within these groups, potentially impacting dynamics of host-symbiont switching (see below).
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Notably, certain miRNAs may act as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in different contexts, and thus may lead to conflicting expression profiles [30].
We annotated the genes as down- or up-regulated during EMT according to the source and removed genes with conflicting expression changes between different sets.
Finally, conflicting expression profiles may correspond to genes differentially regulated in FcB1 as compared to 3D7, as previously observed by Llinas et al. for a few genes of HB3 and Dd2 strains [ 19].
First, under "confusion" situation, where the environmental signal and actual growth rate conflict, gene expression appears to be linked to the environment and not to the growth rate.
It is hoped that the status of dosage compensation in an expanded range of species with old and highly diverged sex chromosomes will soon be determined, allowing for the synthesis and understanding of the evolution of complete versus incomplete sex chromosome dosage compensation and the sexual conflict over expression that underlies it.
Watching heroes keep their identities secret from their loved ones, nominally to protect them, isn't exactly unfamiliar territory, but Gustin's conflicted, puppydog expression as he listens to Iris swooning over her hero makes it feel fresh.
A few other immune cells express IL-28RA especially at the mRNA level (e.g., B cells, macrophages and plasmacytoid DCs), but conflicting protein expression data are reported in the literature.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com