Cue-conflict experiments involving these two orientation cue systems have shown that directional information can be transferred from one system to the other by calibration.
It is likely that the different responses of the currently available cue-conflict experiments performed with caged songbird migrants, and in release experiments have a biological and ecological explanation.
Results from cue-conflict experiments with caged birds have resulted in different outcomes and have repeatedly been reviewed by several authors discussing alternative explanations of the so far incoherent results (Able, 1993; Åkesson, 1994; Wiltschko et al., 1998; Wiltschko and Wiltschko, 1999; Muheim et al., 2006b).
Cue-conflict experiments were performed to study the compass calibration of one predominantly diurnal migrant, the dunnock (Prunella modularis), and two species of nocturnal passerine migrants, the sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus), and the European robin (Erithacus rubecula) during autumn migration in South Sweden.
This means that currently the great majority of cue-conflict experiments have not lead to recalibrations (Wiltschko et al., 2008; Gaggini et al., 2010; Chernetsov et al., 2011; Schmaljohann et al., 2013; this study), while it is so far only two species of sparrows studied in North America, which have shown this effect (Muheim et al., 2006a; Muheim et al., 2007; Muheim et al., 2009).
The present review describes conflicting experiments that have sought to explain how the ATP-dependent Type III restriction modification enzymes can cut DNA with two sites in an inverted repeat, but not DNA with two sites in direct repeat.
We found that the mean orientation of data from all our experimental birds which prior to the cue-conflict experiment experienced a +90° shift of the horizontal component of the magnetic field, were not significantly different from random (α = 75°, r = 0.21, N = 27, p>0.05).
The most provocative element of BKS – that momentum and energy would not necessarily be conserved in each interaction, but only statistically – was soon shown to be in conflict with experiments conducted by Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger.
At first sight the model seems to be in conflict with experiments showing that single UCNEs can drive tissue-specific gene expression in mouse or zebrafish embryos.
It was not until 1875, however, that Maxwell actually proved that a static theory was in conflict with experiment.
