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Cloudy CSF was observed in 31/45 (69%) patients whose samples had been confirmed by this reference standard, vs 9/204 (4%) of patients for whom this reference standard was negative (χ2 = 113.7; p<0.0001; Table 2).
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This study is limited because all lesions were not confirmed by the reference standard of resected specimens.
Other measures such as seropositivity (number of positives for each infection, confirmed by the reference standard) and preference for turnaround times were also collected and computed (refer Results section).
A sample was considered positive if N. meningitidis was confirmed by the reference laboratory.
We expect about 100 cases (i.e. child abuse confirmed by the reference panel).
Heteroresistance to glycopeptides was screened using the macro Etest (bioMérieux), and confirmed by the reference PAP/AUC method.
From January 1 , 2008 through January 31 , 2009 11 human cases were confirmed by the reference laboratory for England and Wales, compared with 6 cases during the preceding 10 years.
True positive lesions were defined as malignant lesions diagnosed on imaging and confirmed by the reference standard (i.e., follow-up imaging, preoperative US and palpation, or histology).
Studies in which the disease status was confirmed by the reference standard in all patients without the results of GP73 and AFP were scored "yes".
For each imaging modality we calculated pooled sensitivities for patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy as well as for chemonaive patients, defined as number of malignant lesions detected divided by number of malignant lesions as confirmed by the reference standard.
We were not able to extract data on true negative lesions, as none of the articles reported data about the detection of benign lesions that were confirmed by the reference standard (true negatives).
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