Our primary list of candidate HVC markers (Table S1) was generated first in GeneSpring (FDR<0.05), and then cross-referenced as a confirmatory step to a list derived from ARDAS (FDR<0.01).
To improve specificity, a PA-competitive inhibition ELISA is used as a second, confirmatory step.
This may allow conversion of the exploratory nature of first-in children studies into a confirmatory step [ 21].
The bacterial strains were re-identified on the basis of their morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics [ 23] as an additional confirmatory step.
All samples found positive for the highest risk genotype (DRB1* 04:01-DQA1* 03-DQB1* 03:02/4/DRB1* 03-DQA1* 05-DQB1* 02) went to a confirmatory step (e.g., step 4) through all 3 steps in the typing protocol once more together with the most recent incoming DNA samples for typing.
As shown by the case studies (Table 1 ), a shift in paradigm can be observed in which evidence synthesis is favored, making evidence generation a confirmatory step in the continuum between assumptions and empirical evidence.
Ultimately, the circle of arguments needs to be closed by a biological confirmatory step in a similar model system, and attempts are needed to confirm such findings in related other model systems.
This prolongation of ACT resembles an LA effect of anti-FXa IgG that has been previously reported [ 31], although we did not confirm true LA activity (with a mixing and confirmatory step) or FXa specificity of the ACT prolongation, as IgG directed against other clotting factors downstream of FXa in the ACT assay may conceivably have interfered with the results of this test.
A real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) experiment was conducted to measure expression of nine selected genes that were differentially expressed in peripheral blood collected from women who delivered preterm as a confirmatory step of microarray based gene expression measures.
