As with birds, the crowding of pigs in confined operations increases the transmission of influenza viruses.
Since the 1940s, for example, escalating farm animal populations in large, confined operations, in particular—have significantly increased methane emissions from both animals and their manure (Paustian et al. 2006).
Modern farming systems have a higher potential than traditional farming for pig-to-pig transmission of virus to occur, because of the confined operation of intensive pig farms, where crowding results in more frequent and prolonged contact with infected swine.
Swine confinement barns and a lagoon that holds swine urine, excrement and other facility waste produced at the Stilley Facility - a swine confinement operation that confines more that 11,000 hogs.
The development of good roads and of motor trucks has rapidly extended available markets; the market gardener, no longer forced to confine his operations to his local market, often is able to specialize in the production of a few, rather than an assortment, of vegetables; a transformation that provides the basis for a distinction between market and truck gardening in the mid-20th century.
A major internal report on Sarawak's administration condemned "our present policy of non-interference" and advocated that "legislation should be introduced to confine the operations of the shifting farmer to secondary forest".
Animals not bred for confined feeding operations, but to forage on hillsides.
Confined feeding operations (CFOs) and concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) are large animal-feeding operations, typically containing more than 300 cattle, 600 swine or sheep, or 30,000 fowl.
Just as most chickens, pigs and cows are raised in tightly confined, intensive operations, so too are many farm-raised fish.
