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Antibody isotyping, cytokine ELISA, and cytokine array analysis revealed a Th2 skewed type immune response along with the presence of some relevant Th17 and Th1 cytokines involved in conferring protective immunity.
Furthermore, i.p. vaccination with this strain was capable of conferring protective immunity in mice following homologous challenge with wild-type LVS delivered by the same route [16].
The E glycoprotein is the most relevant B-cell antigen, conferring protective immune responses by eliciting neutralizing antibodies and also no-neutralizing antibodies, which can be involved in enhancement of virus infection.
Although neutralizing mAbs derived from H5N1 patients have been reported recently [21], [23], the precise epitopes recognized by such antibodies conferring protective immunity against H5N1 viruses are yet to be identified [24].
Further studies are warranted to understand the genetic basis governing triglyceride levels and conferring protective effects on ischemic vascular disease in the Chinese population.
These results indicate efficacy of the rVP6-based vaccine in conferring protective immunity against live RV challenge independently of the delivery route.
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Interestingly, though HKLM vaccination fails to confer protective immunity, irradiated Listeria monocytogenes (IRLM) immunization was successful in protecting mice from secondary infection [ 71].
It may be difficult to differentiate between inhibition of inter-organ crosstalk and direct organ protection, given that ANP has now been shown to confer protective effects on other organs in addition to the established anti-inflammatory effects.
Therefore, while gene-based vaccination with NP and M2 may provide moderate levels of protection against low challenge doses, it is insufficient to confer protective immunity against high challenge doses of H5N1 in ferrets.
The latter is crucial to confer protective immunity against intracellular pathogens and for anti-cancer vaccines.
Outer membrane proteins have been widely illustrated to confer protective immunity against a broad spectrum of gram negative bacteria.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com