In the particular case observed in our study, one could also envision how the increase in tolerance to aneuploidy that tetraploidy was recently shown to confer (Dewhurst et al., 2014) could enable the evolution of specific aneuploid karyotypes that may allow cells to overcome the detrimental impact of aneuploidy on cellular fitness (Gordon et al., 2012).
Recent work from our group has used this approach to profile the 'expected satiety' of a variety of solid foods, documenting four to five fold differences in the amount of satiety these foods are expected to confer (Brunstrom et al., 2008).
We then asked if exogenous overexpression of ZNF93 was sufficient to confer increased ET-743 and PM00104 resistance.
Numerous methods consider all haplotypes spanning the entire locus set, with attempts to reduce the degrees of freedom that this approach otherwise confers (Liu et al., 2007; Tzeng and Zhang, 2007).
All these studies have been based on the quantitative analysis of reading-related measures available for individuals representing the general population, regardless of whether a diagnosis of reading impairment was ever conferred (Bates et al. in press; Lind et al. in press; Luciano et al. 2007; Paracchini et al. 2008).
However, at the DMRs of the H19 and Snrpn gene clusters, the originally methylated sequences are de novo methylated at an earlier stage in subsequent spermatogenesis (H19) and oogenesis (Snrpn) than the originally unmethylated ones, suggesting that some kind of memory is conferred (Davis et al., 1999, Lucifero et al., 2004).
Infrequent variations involving TCR contact residues were observed, but these do not necessarily confer escape (Bailey et al., 2006, Migueles et al., 2003, Pohlmeyer et al., 2013).
It has been argued that durable and broad-spectrum resistance may be more readily achieved by deploying non-NBS-LRR genes, perhaps in combination with NBS-LRR ones, than by attempting to stack genes which each (at least for some time) confer immunity (Fukuoka et al. 2009; Acevedo-Garcia et al. 2014; Chauhan et al. 2015; Zuo et al. 2015).
Indeed, an environmental component is very important in colorectal cancer where inherited genetic variants at a number of different loci interact primarily with dietary variables and overweight to confer risk (Hutter et al. 2012; Siegert et al. 2013).
In addition to the three characterized knockout alleles at Sh1, two alleles at Dw3 confer dwarfism (Multani et al. 2003; Barrero Farfan et al. 2012), two alleles at Tan1 confer loss of tannins in the pericarp (Wu et al. 2012), and a half-dozen distinct alleles at Ma1 confer photoperiod insensitivity (Murphy et al. 2011; R. Klein, personal communication).
