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The method splits the system conductors (line and ground) into smaller sub-conductors, with variable rectangular cross-section.
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The conductor line width is 25 μm and the space between the lines is 25 μm minimum at an escape point between flip chip pads.
An ideal two-conductor line is characterized directly in the time domain by using d'Alembert's solution for the wave equation.
A conductor line laid on or under the ground defines the path, through which runs a square-wave current signal of a certain frequency, to produce an alternating magnetic field.
The scanning electron micrograph shows the central part of the coplanar wave guide resonator with 20 qubit rings situated between the central conductor line and the ground plane of the resonator; scale bar, 2 μm.
The elements J e,m (m = 1, …, N) of the column matrix J e are given by (4) The geovoltage V im is produced by the horizontal geoelectric field E along the path defined by the conductor line from station i to station m (i, m = 1, …, N), i.e. (5) Generally, the geoelectric field is rotational, and so the integral in Eq. (5) is path-dependent.
A detailed analysis of electromigration damage in unpassivated Al-based conductor lines was conducted.
Electromigration damage was generated at plastically deformed segments in the single-crystal conductor lines, but not in polycrystalline lines.
Electromigration in metallic conductor lines is a complicated field which ranges from microscopic damage mechanisms to reliability modelling.
For single conductor lines, the so-called energy-balance method gives good results in estimating the vibration amplitudes.
Continuous segments of polycrystalline and single-crystal pure aluminum conductor lines were plastically deformed using nanoindentation methods.
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