The effective thermal conductivity (keff) of the composites was measured by means of a thermal conductivity instrument under different testing temperatures.
Ammonia-sensing measurements were done by monitoring the resistivity of the nanocomposite using the Laboratory made set-up for ammonia sensing based on four-in-line probe electrical conductivity measuring instrument [6, 9].
The Phoenix lander detected perchlorates in northern martian soils with the Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA) instrument (Chevrier et al., 2009; Hecht et al., 2009; Kounaves et al., 2010, 2014b).
Nitrate concentrations were analysed with a Hach DR/700 colorimeter (Hach Company, Colorado, USA) and specific conductance was detected using a YSI conductivity meter (WLI: Yellow Springs Instruments Model 33, IGB: 3200, Yellow Springs, OH, USA).
The redox potential in the leachate was analysed by an ATI ORION (Orion Instruments) and conductivity by a Phillips PW 9527 digital meter (Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands).
The pH meter (Model 3150 JENWAY), digital conductivity meter and Hanna instrument; LP 2000 turbidimeter were calibrated appropriately and used to measure the pH, EC and TDS and turbidity, respectively.
For reference data to the OBTM data, we use seven sets of OBP data derived from two conductivity-temperature-depth measuring instruments (CTDs) (MCTD and KCTD) connected to the above-mentioned cabled observatories, one OBP gauge (HPG) connected to a cabled observatory (Iwase et al., 2003), and four autonomous OBP observations (GJT3, GJT4, PKMN06, and NMS09) conducted by Tohoku University.
Although it is possible to obtain the ionospheric electric field distribution over large spatial areas with good temporal resolution from coherent backscatter radars, these instruments cannot measure conductivity.
The EC and TDS were measured using a conductivity meter HI 98311 (Hanna Instruments, Mauritius) in a 20% (w/v) solution of honey suspended in Milli-Q water as recommended by [14].
During a research cruise in 2008 six locations were examined (two on the Antarctic margin, one on the Shackleton Fracture Zone, and three on seamounts within the Drake Passage), using a towed camera with onboard instruments to measure conductivity, temperature, depth and turbidity.
