We also conducted site tests which assumes heterogeneity in ω within genes.
In order to answer this question, the authors conduct a two-dimensional "environment-as-a-resource" framework, which assumes that the pressure on stock price after an environmental violation is from both externalities and internalities.
Sensitivity analyses will be conducted to take into account missing data using multiple imputation, which assumes data are 'missing at random'.
However, as we will conduct simulations studies of meta-analyses using the fixed effects model, which assumes no heterogeneity, we will often use the less precise phrase "publication bias".
The one-ratio model analysis, which assumes an equal ω value among all branches, was first conducted to establish the null hypothesis [ 63].
ML reconstructions were conducted using a single-rate Mk likelihood model for discrete morphological characters [ 96], which assumes that any particular change is equally probable.
For this purpose, we conducted the LRTs independently, comparing the one-ratio model with seven two-ratio models, which assumes that the lineages of interest have a ωX that is different from the background ratio ω0.
To see how the cost function in [11], which assumes low Doppler, performs in comparison to the large Doppler cost function in (33), when Doppler frequency is a significant percentage of the signal bandwidth, we conducted the following simulation.
We conducted a sensitivity analysis which assumed a standard retirement age of 67 [rather than 65]; this raised the estimate of productivity loss from early retirement due to COPD to over $160 m[£1011 m].
The Norwegian study just released was conducted, one assumes, among white women.
